SELECT within SELECT Tutorial

This tutorial looks at how we can use SELECT statements within SELECT statements to perform more complex queries.

name	continent	area	population	gdp
Afghanistan	Asia	652230	25500100	20343000000
Albania	Europe	28748	2831741	12960000000
Algeria	Africa	2381741	37100000	188681000000
Andorra	Europe	468	78115	3712000000
Angola	Africa	1246700	20609294	100990000000
...

Using nested SELECT

Summary

Bigger than Russia

List each country name where the population is larger than that of 'Russia'.

world(name, continent, area, population, gdp)

SELECT name FROM world
  WHERE population >
     (SELECT population FROM world
      WHERE name='Romania')

SELECT name FROM world
  WHERE population >
     (SELECT population FROM world
      WHERE name='Russia')

Richer than UK

Show the countries in Europe with a per capita GDP greater than 'United Kingdom'.

The per capita GDP is the gdp/population

SELECT name FROM world
  WHERE continent='Europe' AND gdp/population >
     (SELECT gdp/population FROM world
      WHERE name='United Kingdom')

Neighbours of Argentina and Australia

List the name and continent of countries in the continents containing either Argentina or Australia. Order by name of the country.

SELECT name,continent
FROM world
WHERE continent IN (
  SELECT continent
  FROM world
  WHERE name IN ('Australia','Argentina'))
ORDER BY name

Between Canada and Poland

Which country has a population that is more than United Kingdom but less than Germany? Show the name and the population.

SELECT name,population FROM world
WHERE population BETWEEN
(SELECT population+1 FROM world WHERE name='United Kingdom')
AND
(SELECT population-1 FROM world WHERE name='Germany')

Percentages of Germany

Germany (population roughly 80 million) has the largest population of the countries in Europe. Austria (population 8.5 million) has 11% of the population of Germany.

Show the name and the population of each country in Europe. Show the population as a percentage of the population of Germany.

The format should be Name, Percentage for example:

name	percentage
Albania	3%
Andorra	0%
Austria	11%
...	...

You can use the function ROUND to remove the decimal places.

You can use the function CONCAT to add the percentage symbol.

SELECT name, CONCAT(CAST(ROUND(100*population/(SELECT population FROM world WHERE name = 'Germany'),0) as int), '%')
FROM world
WHERE continent = 'Europe'

To get a well rounded view of the important features of SQL you should move on to the next tutorial concerning aggregates.

To gain an absurdly detailed view of one insignificant feature of the language, read on.

We can use the word ALL to allow >= or > or < or <=to act over a list. For example, you can find the largest country in the world, by population with this query:

SELECT name
  FROM world
 WHERE population >= ALL(SELECT population
                           FROM world
                          WHERE population>0)

You need the condition population>0 in the sub-query as some countries have null for population.

Bigger than every country in Europe

Which countries have a GDP greater than every country in Europe? [Give the name only.] (Some countries may have NULL gdp values)

SELECT name FROM world 
  WHERE gdp > ALL
   (SELECT gdp FROM world
    WHERE continent = 'Europe' 
      AND gdp IS NOT NULL)

We can refer to values in the outer SELECT within the inner SELECT. We can name the tables so that we can tell the difference between the inner and outer versions.

Largest in each continent

Find the largest country (by area) in each continent, show the continent, the name and the area:

SELECT continent, name, population FROM world x
  WHERE population >= ALL
    (SELECT population FROM world y
        WHERE y.continent=x.continent
          AND population>0)

SELECT continent, name, area 
 FROM world x
  WHERE area >= ALL
    (SELECT area FROM world y
        WHERE y.continent=x.continent
         and area > 0 )

The above example is known as a correlated or synchronized sub-query.

A correlated subquery works like a nested loop: the subquery only has access to rows related to a single record at a time in the outer query. The technique relies on table aliases to identify two different uses of the same table, one in the outer query and the other in the subquery.

One way to interpret the line in the WHERE clause that references the two table is “… where the correlated values are the same”.

In the example provided, you would say “select the country details from world where the population is greater than or equal to the population of all countries where the continent is the same”.

First country of each continent (alphabetically)

List each continent and the name of the country that comes first alphabetically.

SELECT continent,name FROM world x
  WHERE x.name <= ALL (
    SELECT name FROM world y
     WHERE x.continent=y.continent)

Difficult Questions That Utilize Techniques Not Covered In Prior Sections

Find the continents where all countries have a population <= 25000000. Then find the names of the countries associated with these continents. Show name, continent and population.

SELECT name,continent,population FROM world x
  WHERE 25000000 >= ALL (
    SELECT population FROM world y
     WHERE x.continent=y.continent
       AND y.population>0)

Three time bigger

Some countries have populations more than three times that of all of their neighbours (in the same continent). Give the countries and continents.

SELECT name, continent FROM world x WHERE
 population > ALL
 (SELECT population*3 FROM world y
 WHERE y.continent = x.continent
 AND y.name != x.name)

Nested SELECT Quiz